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Selected Studies on the Toxicity of Thimerosal Published in Peer Reviewed Scientific and Medical Journals

(With Links to the National Library of Medicine for Complete Abstracts and to Order Copies of Complete Articles with Loansome Doc)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A.    Toxic Effects of Thimerosal on Vital Mammalian Enzymes

B.    Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by Thimerosal Exposure

C.    Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Thimerosal

D.    Allergic Responses to Thimerosal in Vaccines and Opthalmics

E.    Thimerosal Exposure from Vaccines

bullet"Last summer a goal was set for the removal or significant reduction of thimerosal as a preservative from all vaccines routinely administered to children in the first year of life. While the risk of harm from this source was only theoretical, the decision to set a goal to remove thimerosal was made as a precautionary measure." 
bulletTestimony of Roger H. Bernier, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Director for Science, National Immunization Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the Committee on Government Reform U.S. House of Representatives, July 18, 2000 (see CDC Testimony).
bulletAfter reading all of the published studies below on the toxicity of thimerosal, one has to wonder upon what data the CDC based its  conclusion that thimerosal laden vaccines posed only a theoretical risk of harm.
bulletNote: Virtually of all of these studies were published before July 18, 2000.

A.    Toxic Effects of Thimerosal on Vital Mammalian Enzymes and Enzyme Systems

bulletInhibitory action of thimerosal, a sulfhydryl oxidant, on sodium channels in rat sensory neurons. Song J, Jang YY, Shin YK, Lee MY, Lee C. Brain Res (2000). May 2; 864(1):105-13. (10793192)
bulletRat brain (Na+-K+)ATPase: modulation of its oubain-sensitive K+-PNPPase activity by thimerosal. Lewis and Bowler (1983). Int. J. Biochem. 15:5-7. (6298022)
bulletModified cation activation of the (Na+K+)-ATPase following treatment with thimerosal. Kaplan and Mone (1985). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 237:386-395.   (2983612)
bulletThe effects of organic and inorganic mercuric salts on (Na+K+)ATPase in different cerebral fractions in control and intrauterine growth-retarded rats: alterations induced by serotonin. Chanez et al., (1989). Neurotoxicology 10:699-706. (2562765t)
bulletKinetics of merthiolate-induced aggregation of human platelets. Vrzheshch et al., (1992). Thromb. Res. 67:505-516. (1448785)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal on calcium uptake and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced calcium release in cerebellar microsomes. Sayers et al., (1993). Biochem. J. 289:883-887. (8435083)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal and cyclopiazonic acid on the Ca(2+)-pumps from rat cerebellum microsomes. Michelangeli F, DaSilva A, Sayers L, Brown G. Biochem Soc Trans (1992) May; 20(2):205S (1327911)
bulletThimerosal interacts with the Ca2+ release channel ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Abramson et al., (1995). J. Biol. Chem. 270:29644-29647.   (8530347)
bulletEffect of thimerosal and other sulfhydryl reagents on calcium permeability in thymus lymphocytes. Pintado et al., (1995). Biochem. Pharmacol. 49:227-232. (7840800)
bulletThimerosal induces calcium mobilization, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate synthesis and cytoplasmic alkalinization in rat thymus lymphocytes. Martin F, Gualberto A, Sobrino F, Pintado E. Biochim Biophys Acta (1991) Jan 10; 1091(1):110-4. (1995061)
bulletIncreased expression of procoagulant activity on the surface of human platelets exposed to heavy metal compounds. Goodwin et al., (1995). Biochem. J. 308:15-21. (7755558)
bulletEffects of thimerosal, an organic sulfhydryl modifying agent, on serotonin transport activity into rabbit blood platelets. Nishio et al., (1996). Neurochem. Int. 29:391-394. (8939447)
bulletEffects of thimerosal on the transient kinetics of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced Ca2+ release from cerebellar microsomes. Mezna and Michelangeli (1997). Biochem. J. 325:177-182. (9224644)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal on the purified InsP3 receptor. Mezna M, Longland CL, Michelangeli F. Biochem Soc Trans (1998). Aug;26(3):S290. (9766009)
bulletEffects of thiol-modifying agents on a K(Ca2+) channel of intermediate conductance in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Cai and Sauve (1997). J. Membr. Biol. 158:147-158. (9230092)
bulletThimerosal: a versatile sulfhydryl reagent, calcium mobilizer, and cell function-modulating agent. Elferink (1999). Gen. Pharmacol. 33:1-6. (10428009)
bulletCardiac ryanodine receptor activity is altered by oxidizing reagents in either the luminal or cytoplasmic solution. Eager and Dulhunty (1999). J. Membr. Biol. 167:205-214. (9929372)
bulletThe effect of thimerosal on neutrophil migration: a comparison with the effect on calcium mobilization and CD11b expression. Elferink JG, de Koster BM. Biochem Pharmacol (1998) Feb 1;55(3):305-12. (9484796)
bulletModulation of type 1, 2 and 3 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose and thimerosal. Vanlingen et al., (1999). Cell Calcium 25:107-114. (11274965)
bulletModulation of type 1, 2 and 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose and thimerosal. Vanlingen S, Sipma H, Missiaen L, De Smedt H, De Smet P, Casteels R, Parys JB. Cell Calcium (1999) Feb; 25(2):107-14. (10326677)
bulletThimerosal enhances agonist-specific differences between [Ca2+]i oscillations induced by phenylephrine and ATP in single rat hepatocytes. Green et al., (1999). Cell Calcium 25:173-178. (10326684)
bulletInhibition of the human erythrocytic glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GST T1) by thimerosal. Muller M, Westphal G, Vesper A, Bunger J, Hallier E. Int J Hyg Environ Health (2001) Jul; 203(5-6):479-81 (11556154&)
bulletThe effects of oxidizing and cysteine-reactive reagents on the inward rectifier potassium channels Kir2.3 and Kir1.1. Bannister JP, Young BA, Main MJ, Sivaprasadarao A, Wray D. Pflugers Arch (1999) Nov; 438(6):868-78. (10591077)

 

B.    Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by Thimerosal Exposure

bulletAnalysis of nine known or suspected spindle poisons for mitotic chromosome malsegregation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D61.M. Albertini S (1990). Mutagenesis 6:65-70. (2263203)
bulletEffects of 10 known or suspected spindle poisons in the in vitro porcine brain tubulin assembly assay. Brunner et al., (1991). Mutagenesis 6:65-70. (2038274)
bulletIn vitro studies with nine known or suspected spindle poisons: results in tests for chromosome malsegregation in Aspergillus nidulans.Crebelli et al.,  (1991). Mutagenesis 6:131-136. (2056914)
bulletThe detection and assessment of the aneugenic potential of environmental chemicals: the European Community Aneuploidy Project. Parry and Sors. (1993).Mutat Res 287:3-15. (7683383)
bulletEffects of potential anueploidy inducing agents on microtubule assembly in vitro. Wallin and Hartley-Asp (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:17-22. (7683380)
bulletAn evaluation of the use of in vitro tubulin polymerization, fungal and wheat assays to detect the activity of potential chemical aneugens. Parry (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:23-28. (7683381)
bulletA comparison of two in vitro mammalian cell cytogenetic assays for the detection of mitotic aneuploidy using 10 known or suspected aneugens. Warr et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:29-46. (7683382)
bulletInduction of mitotic aneuploidy using Chinese hamster primary embryonic cells. Test results of 10 chemicals. Natarajan et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:47-56. (7683384)
bulletC-mitosis and numerical chromosome aberration analyses in human lymphocytes: 10 known or suspected spindle poisons.  Sbrana et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:57-70.   (7683385)
bulletThe cytochalasin-B micronucleus/kinetochore assay in vitro.: studies with 10 suspected aneugens. Lynch and Parry (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:71-86. (7683386)
bulletAn overview of the results of testing of known or suspected aneugens using mammalian cells in vivo. Natarajan (1993).Mutat. Res. 287:113-118. (7683377)
bulletIn vivo studies on chemically induced anueploidy in mouse somatic and germinal cells. Leopardi et al., (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:119-130. (7683378)
bulletSynopsis of the in vivo results obtained with the 10 known or suspected aneugens tested in the CEC collaborative study. Adler (1993). Mutat. Res. 287:131-137. (7683379)
bulletMicronucleus test and metaphase analyses in mice exposed to known and suspected spindle poisons. Marrazzini et al., (1994). Mutagenesis 9:505-515. (7854141)

C.    Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis by Thimerosal

bulletStimulation by thimerosal of histamine-induced Ca(2+) release in intact HeLa cells seen with aequorin targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. Montero M, Barrero MJ, Torrecilla F, Lobaton CD, Moreno A, Alvarez J. Cell Calcium (2001) Sep; 30(3):181-90. (11508997)
bulletModulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding to the various inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor isoforms by thimerosal and cyclic ADP-ribose. Vanlingen et al., (2001) Biochemical Pharmacology 61:803-809. (11274965)
bulletThimerosal: a versatile sulfhydryl reagent, calcium mobilizer, and cell function-modulating agent. Elferink JG (1999). Gen Pharmacol  33:1-6. (10428009)
bulletThimerosal enhances agonist-specific differences between [Ca2+]i oscillations induced by phenylephrine and ATP in single rat hepatocytes. Green AK, Cobbold PH, Dixon CJ (1999). Cell Calcium  25:173-8. (10326684)
bulletModulation of type 1, 2 and 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors by cyclic ADP-ribose and thimerosal. Vanlingen S, Sipma H, Missiaen L, De Smedt H, De Smet P, Casteels R, Parys JB (1999). Cell Calcium  25:107-14. (10326677)
bulletEffects of thimerosal on the transient kinetics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release from cerebellar microsomes. Mezna M, Michelangeli F (1997). Biochem J  325:177-82. (9224644)
bulletEffects of thimerosal, an organic sulfhydryl modifying agent, on serotonin transport activity into rabbit blood platelets. Nishio H, Nezasa K, Hirano J, Nakata Y (1996). Neurochem Int  29:391-6. (8939447)
bulletThimerosal-induced Ca2+ mobilization in isolated guinea pig cochlear outer hair cells. Chen L, Harada N, Yamashita T (1998). Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 539:28-33. (10095857)
bulletPhosphatidylserine synthesis in glioma C6 cells is inhibited by Ca2+ depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum: effects of 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and thimerosal. Wiktorek M, Sabala P, Czarny M, Baranska J (1996). Biochem Biophys Res Commun  224:645-50. (8713102)
bulletThimerosal interacts with the Ca2+ release channel ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Abramson JJ, Zable AC, Favero TG, Salama G (1995). J Biol Chem  270:29644-7. (8530347)
bulletThimerosal increases the responsiveness of the calcium receptor in human parathyroid and rMTC6-23 cells. Mihai R, Lai T, Schofield G, Farndon JR (1999). Cell Calcium  26:95-101. (10598273)
bulletEffect of thimerosal and other sulfhydryl reagents on calcium permeability in thymus lymphocytes. Pintado E, Baquero-Leonis D, Conde M, Sobrino F (1995). Biochem Pharmacol  49:227-32. (7840800)
bulletEffect of thimerosal on cytosolic calcium and phosphatidylserine synthesis in Jurkat T cells. Pelassy C, Breittmayer JP, Ticchioni M, Aussel C (1994). Int J Biochem   26:93-6. (8138053)
bulletReversible blockade of the calcium-activated nonselective cation channel in brown fat cells by the sulfhydryl reagents mercury and thimerosal. Koivisto A, Siemen D, Nedergaard J  (1993). Pflugers Arch  425:549-51. (7510880)
bulletThimerosal induced changes of intracellular calcium in human endothelial cells. Gericke M, Droogmans G, Nilius B (1993). Cell Calcium  14:201-7. (8500136)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal on calcium uptake and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced calcium release in cerebellar microsomes. Sayers LG, Brown GR, Michell RH, Michelangeli F (1993). Biochem J  289:883-7 (8435083)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal and cyclopiazonic acid on the Ca(2+)-pumps from rat cerebellum microsomes. Michelangeli F, DaSilva A, Sayers L, Brown G (1992). Biochem Soc Trans  20:205S.   (1327911)
bulletThe thiol reagent, thimerosal, evokes Ca2+ spikes in HeLa cells by sensitizing the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Bootman MD, Taylor CW, Berridge MJ (1992). J Biol Chem  267:25113-9. (1334081)
bulletCytosolic Ca2+ spikes evoked by the thiol reagent thimerosal in both intact and internally perfused single pancreatic acinar cells. Thorn P, Brady P, Llopis J, Gallacher DV, Petersen OH (1992). Pflugers Arch  422:173-8. (1336850)
bulletEffect of the sulfhydryl reagent thimerosal on cytosolic free Ca2+ and membrane potential of thymocytes. Gukovskaya AS, Trepakova ES, Zinchenko VP, Korystov YN, Bezuglov VV (1992). Biochim Biophys Acta  1111:65-74. (1390866)
bulletThimerosal blocks stimulated but not basal release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in dog isolated coronary artery. Crack P, Cocks T (1992). Br J Pharmacol  107:566-72.   (1384915)
bulletThimerosal induces calcium mobilization, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate synthesis and cytoplasmic alkalinization in rat thymus lymphocytes. Martin F, Gualberto A, Sobrino F, Pintado E (1991). Biochim Biophys Acta  1091:110-4. (1995061)
bulletInvolvement of calcium in the thimerosal-stimulated formation of leukotriene by fMLP in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Hatzelmann A, Haurand M, Ullrich V (1990). Biochem Pharmacol  39:559-67. (2154987)
bulletThe effect of thimerosal on neutrophil migration: a comparison with the effect on calcium mobilization and CD11b expression. Elferink JG, de Koster BM (1998). Biochem Pharmacol  55:305-12. (9484796)
bulletEnhancement of eicosanoid synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages by the organic mercury compound thimerosal. Kaever V, Goppelt-Strube M, Resch K (1988). Prostaglandins  35:885-902. (3141973)
bulletThe sulfhydryl reagent thimerosal elicits human platelet aggregation by mobilization of intracellular calcium and secondary prostaglandin endoperoxide formation. Hecker M, Brune B, Decker K, Ullrich V (1989). Biochem Biophys Res Commun  159:961-8 (2495003)
bulletPlatelet aggregation by thimerosal: role of ADP and SH groups. Leone G, Boni P, Vincenti A (1976). Thromb Haemost 35:249-57. (989191)
bulletIncreased expression of procoagulant activity on the surface of human platelets exposed to heavy-metal compounds. Goodwin CA, Wheeler-Jones CP, Namiranian S, Bokkala S, Kakkar VV, Authi KS, Scully MF (1995) Biochem J  308:15-21. (7755558)
bulletThimerosal modulates the agonist-specific cytosolic Ca2+ oscillatory patterns in single pancreatic acinar cells of mouse. Wu J, Takeo T, Kamimura N, Wada J, Suga S, Hoshina Y, Wakui M (1996). FEBS Lett  390:149-52. (8706847)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal on the purified InsP3 receptor. Mezna M, Longland CL, Michelangeli F (1998). Biochem Soc Trans  26:S290. (9766009)
bulletFertilisation and thimerosal stimulate similar calcium spiking patterns in mouse oocytes but by separate mechanisms. Cheek et al., (1993). Development 119:179-189.   (8275854)
bulletThe thiol reagent, thimerosal induces intracellular calcium oscillations in mature human oocytes. Herbert M, Murdoch AP, Gillespie JI (1995). Hum Reprod  10:2183-6. (8567870)
bulletSperm, inositol trisphosphate, and thimerosal-induced intracellular Ca2+ elevations in rabbit eggs. Fissore RA, Robl JM (1993). Dev Biol  159:122-30.   (8365556)
bulletThe effects of thimerosal, a sulfhydryl reagent, on phasic myometrial contractions. Phillippe M (1995). Biochem Biophys Res Commun  211:1-6. (7539999)
bulletEffects of protein kinase C activation and inhibition on sperm-, thimerosal-, and ryanodine-induced calcium responses of human oocytes. Sousa M, Barros A, Mendoza C, Tesarik J (1996). Mol Hum Reprod  2:699-708. (9239685)
bulletComplete activation of porcine oocytes induced by the sulfhydryl reagent, thimerosal. Machaty Z, Wang WH, Day BN, Prather RS (1997). Biol Reprod   57:1123-7. (9369179)
bulletCalcium release and subsequent development induced by modification of sulfhydryl groups in porcine oocytes. Machaty Z, Wang WH, Day BN, Prather RS (1999). Biol Reprod  60:1384-91. (10330097)
bulletTime course of cortical and zona reactions of pig oocytes upon intracellular calcium increase induced by thimerosal. Wang WH, Machaty Z, Abeydeera LR, Prather RS, Day BN (1999). Zygote  7:79-86. (10216920)
bulletIntracellular calcium responses in bovine oocytes induced by spermatozoa and by reagents. Nakada K, Mizuno J (1998). Theriogenology  50:269-82. (10734495)
bulletPossible mechanisms regulating ATP- and thimerosal-induced Ca(2+) oscillations in the HSY salivary duct cell line. Tojyo Y, Tanimura A, Nezu A, Morita T. Biochim Biophys Acta (2001) May 28; 1539(1-2):114-21. (11389973)
bulletThiol-reactive agents biphasically regulate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding and Ca(2+) release activities in bovine adrenal cortex microsomes. Poirier SN, Poitras M, Laflamme K, Guillemette G. Endocrinology (2001) Jun; 142(6):2614-21. (11356712)
bulletCalcium transient activity in cultured murine neural crest cells is regulated at the IP(3) receptor. Carey MB, Matsumoto SG. Brain Res (2000) Apr 17; 862(1-2):201-10. (10799686)
bulletInhibition of Ca2+-activated and voltage-dependent K+ currents by 2-mercaptophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone in pituitary GH3 cells: contribution to its antiproliferative effect. Huang MH, Wu SN, Chen CP, Shen AY. Life Sci (2002) Jan 25; 70(10):1185-203. (11848302)
bulletSulfhydryl oxidation overrides Mg(2+) inhibition of calcium-induced calcium release in skeletal muscle triads. Donoso P, Aracena P, Hidalgo C. Biophys J (2000) Jul; 79(1):279-86. (10866954)
 

D.    Allergic Responses to Thimerosal in Vaccines and Opthalmics

bulletThimerosal in the detection of clinically relevant allergic contact reactions. Suneja T, Belsito DV. J Am Acad Dermatol (2001) Jul; 45(1):23-7. (11423830)
bulletThiomersal allergy and vaccination reactions. Cox and Forsyth (1988). Contact Dermatitis 18:229-233.  (3378430)
bulletMulticenter survey related to the frequency of positive patch tests with mercury and thiomersal. Lachapelle et al., (1988). Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 115:793-796. (3378430)
bulletThimerosal: a hidden allergen in opthalmology. Tosti and Tosti (1988). Contact Dermatitis 18:268-273.  (3416589)
bulletHyposensitizing therapy with standard antigenic extracts: an important source of thimerosal sensitization. Tosti A, Guerra L, Bardazzi F. Contact Dermatitis (1989) Mar; 20(3):173-6. (2721183)
bulletThiomersal: a frequent cause of sensitization. Tosti A, Melino M, Bardazzi F, Bonelli U. G Ital Dermatol Venereol (1987) Oct; 122(10):543-5. (2965103)
bulletSystemic reactions due to thiomersal. Tosti A, Melino M, Bardazzi F. Contact Dermatitis (1986) Sep; 15(3):187-8. (2946540)
bulletToxic effects of opthalmic preservatives on cultured rabbit corneal epithelium. Simmons et al., (1988). Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 65:867-873. (3252733)
bulletCytotoxicity and mutagenicity of opthalmic solution preservatives and UVA radiation in L5178Y cells. Withrow et al., (1989). Photochem. Photobiol. 50:385-389.   (2780830)
bulletReactions to thimerosal in hepatitis B vaccines. Rietschel and Adams (1990). Dermatol. Clin. 8:161-164. (2137393)
bulletPrevalence and relevance of allergic reactions in patients patch tested in North America--1984 to 1985. Storrs FJ, Rosenthal LE, Adams RM, Clendenning W, Emmett EA, Fisher AA, Larsen WG, Maibach HI, Rietschel RL, Schorr WF, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989 Jun; 20(6):1038-45. (2754054
bulletPatch and prick test study of 593 healthy subjects. Seidenari et al., (1990). Contact Dermatitis 23:162-167.  (2282794)
bulletContact sensitization in children. Manzini BM, Ferdani G, Simonetti V, Donini M, Seidenari S. Pediatr Dermatol (1998). Jan-Feb;15(1):12-7. (9496796)
bulletContact sensitization to thimerosal in healthy subjects Seidenari S, Manzini BM, Modenese M, Danese P. G Ital Dermatol Venereol (1989) Jul-Aug; 124(7-8):335-9. (2534118)
bulletA probable role for vaccines containing thimerosal in thimerosal hypersensitivity. Osawa et al., (1991). Contact Dermatitis 24:178-182.  (1868700)
bulletCytotoxicity of opthalmic preservatives on human corneal epithelium. Tripathi et al., (1992). Lens Eye Toxic Res. 9:361-375. (1301792)
bulletEthylmercuric chloride: the responsible agent in thimerosal hypersensitivity. Pirker et al., (1993). Contact Dermatitis 29:152-154.  (8222628)
bulletThimerosal induces toxic reaction in non-sensitized animals. Uchida et al., (1994). Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 104:296-301. (7518269)
bulletFrequency of sensitization to 13 common preservatives in Switzerland. Swiss Contact Dermititis Research Group. Perrenoud et al., (1994). Contact Dermatitis 30:276-279.   (8088140)
bulletSensitization to thimerosal (Merthiolate) is still present today. van 't Veen and van Joost (1994). Contact Dermatitis 31:293-298.  (7867326)
bulletSource and clinical significance of allergy for thiomersal, an organic mercury compound] van 't Veen AJ, van Joost T. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (1996) Feb 10; 140(6):297-300. (8720702)
bulletSensitization to thimerosal and previous vaccination. Schafer et al., (1995). Contact Dermatitis 32:114-116.  (7758313)
bulletEpidemiology of contact allergy in adults. Schafer T, Bohler E, Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D, Filipiak B, Wichmann HE, Ring J. Allergy (2001) Dec; 56(12):1192-6. (11736749)
bulletHypersensitivity to thimerosal: the sensitizing moiety. Goncalo et al., (1996). Contact Dermatitis 34:201-203.  (8833465)
bulletAllergic contact dermatitis in children. A multicenter study of the Portuguese Contact Dermatitis Group (GPEDC). Goncalo S, Goncalo M, Azenha A, Barros MA, Bastos AS, Brandao FM, Faria A, Marques MS, Pecegueiro M, Rodrigues JB, et al. Contact Dermatitis (1992) Feb; 26(2):112-5. (1633701)
bulletContact allergy in patients with periorbital eczema: an analysis of allergens. Data recorded by the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology. Ockenfels et al., (1997). Dermatology 195:119-124. (9310716)
bulletThimerosal positives: the role of SH groups and divalent ions. Santucci et al., (1998). Contact Dermatitis 39:123-126.  (9771985)
bulletThimerosal positivities: patch testing to methylmercury chloride in subjects sensitive to ethylmercury chloride. Santucci B, Cannistraci C, Cristaudo A, Camera E, Picardo M. Contact Dermatitis 1999 Jan;40(1):8-13. (9928798)
bulletThimerosal positivities: the role of organomercury alkyl compounds.  Santucci B, Cannistraci C, Cristaudo A, Camera E, Picardo M. Contact Dermatitis (1998) Jun; 38(6):325-8. (9687031)
bulletThimerosal positivities. Santucci B, Cannistraci C, Camera E, Cristaudo A, Picardo M. Contact Dermatitis (1996) Dec; 35(6):366-7. (9118636)
bulletContact dermatitis in children: 6 years experience (1992-1997). Romaguera and Vilaplana (1998). Contact Dermatitis 39:277-280.  (9874017)
bulletSensitization to thimerosal in atopic children. Patrizi et al., (1999). Contact Dermatitis 40:94-97.  (10048654)
bulletReactions to vaccinations against tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis caused by merthiolate (thiomersal). Lindemayr H, Drobil M, Ebner H. Hautarzt (1984) Apr; 35(4):192-6. (6724907)
bulletMerthiolate hypersensitivity and vaccination. Forstrom L, Hannuksela M, Kousa M, Lehmuskallio E. Contact Dermatitis (1980) Jun; 6(4):241-5. (6447032)

 

E.    Thimerosal Exposure from Vaccines

bulletIatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants. Stajich GV, Lopez GP, Harry SW, Sexson WR. J Pediatr (2000) May; 136(5):679-81. (10802503)
bulletVaccines without thiomersal: why so necessary, why so long coming? van't Veen AJ. Drugs (2001); 61(5):565-72. (11368282)
bulletPredicted mercury concentrations in hair from infant immunizations: cause for concern. Redwood L, Bernard S, Brown D. Neurotoxicology (2001) Oct; 22(5):691-7.  (11770890)
bulletAutism: a novel form of mercury poisoning. Bernard S, Enayati A, Redwood L, Roger H, Binstock T. Med Hypotheses (2001) Apr; 56(4):462-71. (11339848)
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The 2002 recommended childhood immunization schedule and progress toward elimination of thimerosal. Zimmerman RK. Am Fam Physician (2002) Jan 1; 65(1):127-8. (11804439)

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From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Impact of the 1999 AAP/USPHS Joint Statement on Thimerosal in Vaccines on Infant Hepatitis B Vaccination Practices. American Academy of Pediatrics/U.S. Public Health Service. JAMA (2001). Mar 28; 285(12):1568-70. (11302135)

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Impact of the 1999 AAP/USPHS joint statement on thimerosal in vaccines on infant hepatitis B vaccination practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (2001). Feb 16; 50(6):94-7. (11263794)

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Thiomersal in vaccines: is removal warranted? Clements CJ, Ball LK, Ball R, Pratt RD. Drug Saf (2001); 24(8):567-74. (11480489)

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Review on the toxicity of ethylmercury, including its presence as a preservative in biological and pharmaceutical products. Magos L. J Appl Toxicol (2001). Jan-Feb; 21(1):1-5. (11180274)

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The three modern faces of mercury. Clarkson TW. Environ Health Perspect (2002). Feb; 110 Suppl 1:11-23. (11834460)

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Route of decomposition of thiomersal (thimerosal). Tan M, Parkin JE. Int J Pharm (2000). Nov 4; 208(1-2):23-34. (11064208)

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Report finds no link between thimerosal and neurodevelopmental disorders. Frankish H. Lancet (2001). Oct 6; 358 (9288):1163. (11597681)

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Impact of the Joint Statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics/US Public Health Service on thimerosal in vaccines on hospital infant hepatitis B vaccination practices. Hurie MB, Saari TN, Davis JP. Pediatrics (2001). Apr; 107(4):755-8. (11335754)

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Summary of the joint statement on thimerosal in vaccines. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Public Health Service. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (2000). Jul 14; 49(27):622, 631. (10914930)

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An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines. Ball LK, Ball R, Pratt RD. Pediatrics (2001). May; 107(5):1147-54. (11331700)

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Effect of thimerosal recommendations on hospitals' neonatal hepatitis B vaccination policies. Brayden RM, Pearson KA, Jones JS, Renfrew BL, Berman S. J Pediatr (2001). May; 138(5):752-5. (11343056)

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Preservative-free influenza vaccine. Banzhoff A, Schwenke C, Febbraro S. Immunol Lett (2000) Feb 1; 71(2):91-6. (10714435)

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Thiomersal in gammaglobulins for pregnant travelers may not be safe for the fetus. van Ken WG. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (1999). Sep 18; 143(38):1934-5. (10526626)

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Thiomersal in gammaglobulin for pregnant travellers may not be safe for the fetus. National Coordination Center for Travel Advisory. Schilthuis HJ, van Wijnen JH. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd (1999). Jul 31; 143(31):1622. (10488375)