Thimerosal - Harmless Vaccine Preservative Or Just Another Toxic Organic Mercury Compound?
Thimerosal Synonyms
Structure of Thimerosal
Thimerosal Physical & Chemical Properties
Thimerosal Is Composed of Thiosalicylic Acid And Ethyl Mercury, A Known Toxicant
Why All The Concern About The Safety Of Thimerosal And Why Now?
The Food And Drug Administration’s Response To FDAMA
By The First Grade Children In The U.S. Receive 21 Vaccinations, Many Of Which Contain Thimerosal
PPT Slide
Vaccines And Immunoglobulins Which Contain Thimerosal
“Limiting Infant Exposure to Thimerosal in Vaccines and Other Sources of Mercury.” Neal A. Halsey, MD (1999). JAMA 282:1763-1766.
Joint Statement Of The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) And The Public Health Service (PHS) On July 7, 1999 Regarding The Use And Safety Of Thimerosal In Vaccines.
Chemicals And Substances Found In Vaccines
In Vitro Toxicity Studies of Thimerosal
Experimental Protocol For Comparing Thimerosal Toxicity Against That Of HgCl2 Using Nucleotide Photoaffinity Labeling
Schematic Diagram Showing How Cysteine Sulfhydryl (-SH) Groups Are Critical to the Activity of Many Nucleotide Binding Proteins (NBPs)
These Critical Cysteine Sulfhydryl (-SH) Groups Are Often Involved In The Nucleotide And/Or Substrate Binding Required For Enzymatic Activity
Sulfhydryl Reactive Heavy Metals Such as Mercury (Hg2+) and Mercury Containing Compounds Can Bind To Active Site Cysteines And Inhibit Enzyme Activity
Reported Neurotoxic Effects Of Thimerosal On Brain Nucleotide Binding Proteins
Reported Toxic Effects Of Thimerosal On Tubulin
Thimerosal Disrupts The Microtubule Spindle Apparatus Causing Chromosome Aberrations
Toxicant Induced Decreases In Enzyme Activity Can Be Detected & Quantified Using Photoaffinity Labeling
SDS-PAGE Analysis Of Brain Homogenate Proteins Treated With Increasing Concentrations Of HgCl2 Or Thimerosal Prior To Photolabeling With [32P]8N3GTP
At Equimolar Concentrations, HgCl2 Is A More Potent Inhibitor Of [32P]8N3GTP-ß-Tubulin Interactions Than Is Thimerosal In Crude Brain Homogenate
SDS-PAGE Analysis of Brain Homogenate Proteins Treated with Increasing Concentrations of Thimerosal Vs. 5µM HgCl2 Prior To Photolabeling with [32P]GTP-Azidoanilide
Autoradiogram Showing That An 8-Fold Greater Concentration Of Thimerosal Is Required To Inhibit [32P]GTP-AA Photolabeling Of Brain ß-Tubulin To The Same Extent As 5 µM HgCl2
SDS-PAGE Analysis of Brain Homogenate Proteins Treated With Increasing Concentrations Of Thimerosal Vs. 5µM HgCl2 Prior To Photolabeling With [32P]8N3GTP
Autoradiogram Showing That An 8-10 Fold Greater Concentration of Thimerosal Is Required To Inhibit [32P]8N3GTP Photolabeling of Brain ß-Tubulin To The Same Extent As 5 µM HgCl2
SDS-PAGE Analysis Of Brain Homogenate Proteins Treated With Increasing Concentrations Of Thiosalicylate Vs. 60µM Thimerasol Prior To Photolabeling with [32P]GTP-Azidoanilide
Thimerasol Inhibition Of [32P]8N3GTP Photolabeling Of ß-Tubulin In Crude Brain Homogenate Is Not Due To The Thiosalicylate Portion Of The Molecule
SDS-PAGE Analysis Of Purified Bovine Brain Tubulin Treated With Increasing Concentrations Of HgCl2 Vs. Thimerosal Prior To Photolabeling with [32P]GTP-Azidoanilide
In Contrast To Crude Brain Homogenate, Thimerosal Is Just As Potent An Inhibitor of [32P]GTP-Azidoanilide Photolabeling of Purified Brain Tubulin As Is HgCl2
Possible Explanation For These Apparently Conflicting Results Between The Toxic Effects Of Thimerosal On Brain ß-Tubulin
SDS-PAGE Analysis Of Purified Mammalian Enzymes Treated With Increasing Concentrations Of Thimerosal Vs. 5µM HgCl2 Prior To Photolabeling With [32P]2N3ATP
Autoradiogram Showing That Thimerosal Is A Much More Potent Inhibitor Of [32P]2N3ATP Photolabeling Of Purified Mammalian Enzymes Than Is HgCl2
SDS-PAGE Analysis Of Purified Mammalian Enzymes Treated With Increasing Concentrations Of Thiosalicylate Vs. Thimerosal Vs. HgCl2 Prior To [32P]2N3ATP Photolabeling
Autoradiogram Showing That Thimerosal Is A More Potent Inhibitor Of [32P]2N3ATP Photolabeling Of Purified Mammalian Enzymes Than Is HgCl2 And Inhibition Is Not Due To Thiosalicylate
Conclusions
Hypothesis-Exposure To Drugs and Toxicants During Times Of Stress Increases Their Toxic Potential
“The Gulf War, Stress And A Leaky Blood-Brain Barrier.” Israel Hanin, (1996). Nature Medicine 2:1307-1308.
The Gulf War, Stress And A Leaky Blood-Brain Barrier. Israel Hanin, (1996). Nature Medicine 2:1307-1308.
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